Length (µm) of outer segments of human
photoreceptors Length (µm) of outer segments of human
photoreceptors
CONES
Study M & L M & L M & L M & L M & L S cones S cones
cones cones cones cones cones fovea periphery
foveola foveal parafoveal mid-peripheral periphery (>5 mm or
slope (4 mm eccentic) 17 deg)
(macula)
Schultze 36 --- --- --- --- --- ---
(1866,1872)
Greeff 38 22 --- --- 6.5-13 --- ---
(1900,1902)
Polyak 35 --- --- --- --- --- ---
(1941)
Yamada >45 --- --- --- --- --- ---
(1969)
Yodelis &
Hendrickson
(1986)
37 year old 41-50 25-31 --- --- --- --- ---
man
72 year old 57-63 33-45 --- --- --- --- ---
man
Ahnelt --- --- --- --- --- 31-42 12-17
(personal
comm.)
Hendrickson --- --- 28 20-23 --- --- ---
& Drucker
(1992)
RODS
Study Rods Rods Rods
periphery mid-peripheral parafoveal
(4 mm eccentricity) (1-1.5 mm eccentricity)
Greeff 25 --- ---
(1900,1902)
Hendrickson --- 40-45 40
& Drucker
(1992)
Referencesvon Greeff, R. (1900). Mikroskopische Anatomie des Sehnerven und der Netzhaut. In: Graefe u. Saemisch Handbuch d. Ges. Augenheilkunde, 2. Aufl., 1. Teil, bd 1, Kap. V.
von Greeff, R. (1902). A guide to the microsopic examination of the eye. Philadelphia: Blackiston.
Hendrickson, A. & Drucker, D. (1992). The development of parafoveal and mid-peripheral human retina. Behavioural Brain Research 49, 21-31.
Polyak, S.L. (1941). The retina. Chicago: University Press.
Schultze, M. (1866). Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie 2, 175-286.
Schultze, M. (1872). The eye: the retina. In: Manual of human and comparative histology (ed., Stricker, S.) 3, 213. The Sydenham Society, London.
Yamada, E. (1969). Some structural features of the fovea centralis of the human retina. Archs. Ophthalmol. 82, 151-159.
Yuodelis, C. & Hendrickson, A.E. (1986). A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the human fovea during development. Vision Research 26, 847-856.
