Photopigment optical density estimates Photopigment optical density estimatesStudy Method Densities*Rods S-cones M-cones L-cones
Hecht et al. estimate 0.230 --- --- ---
(1942)
Brindley (1953) colour --- --- --- 0.500
matching
Brindley (1955) colour --- --- --- 0.980
matching
Walraven & directional --- --- 0.69 0.69
Bouman (1960) sensitivity
Enoch & Stiles directional --- <0.200 1.000 0.700
(1961) sensitivity
Rushton (1963) retinal 0.350
densitometry
Ripps & Weale retinal --- --- --- 0.220?
(1965) densitometry
Alpern (1967) colour 0.51 0.51
matching
Terstiege (1967) bleaching --- --- 0.700-0.900 0.700-0.900
Dobelle et al. microspectro- --- --- 0.280 ---
(1969) photometry
Miller (1972) flicker 0.400-0.500 0.500-0.600
brightness
matching
Smith & Pokorny flicker --- --- 0.300 0.400
(1973) brightness
matching
King-Smith retinal --- --- --- 0.400
(1973) densitometry +/- 0.070
King-Smith retinal --- --- --- 0.200-0.750
(1973b) densitometry (0.420)
Alpern & Pugh retinal 0.342 --- --- ---
(1974) densitometry
Pokorny & Smith colour 0.15 0.25
(1976) matching
(10-deg field)
Zwas & Alpern flicker 0.318 --- --- ---
(1976) brightness
matching
Zwas & Alpern dark 0.342 --- --- ---
(1976) adaptation
Bowmaker & microspectro- 0.475 0.375 0.525 0.525
Dartnall (1980) photometry
Wyszecki & colour --- 0.010 0.370 0.430
Stiles (1980) matching
Burns & Elsner bleaching --- --- 0.270 0.480
(1993)
Elsner et al. densitometry --- --- 0.330 0.330
(1993)
ditto colour 1.0 1.0
matching
von der Kraats retinal 0.45 0.45
(1995) densitometry
* Cone values are given for the central fovea; rod values for the periphery.
A small, central field (2 deg or less) may be assumed unless otherwise stated.
ReferencesAlpern, M. & Pugh, E.N. (1974). The density and photosensitivity of human rhodopsin in the living retina. Journal of Physiology, London, 237, 341-370.
Alpern, M. (1967). Lack of uniformity in colour matching. Journal of Physiology, London, 288, 85-105.
Bowmaker, J.K. & Dartnall, H.J.A. (1980). Visual pigments of rods and cones in a human retina. Journal of Physiology, London, 298, 501-511.
Brindley, G.S. (1953). The effects on colour vision of adaptation to very bright lights. Journal of Physiology, London, 122, 332-350.
Brindley, G.S. (1955). A photochemical reaction in the human retina. Proceedings of the physical Society 68B, 862-870.
Burns, S.A. & Elsner, A.E. (1993). Color matching at high luminances: photopigment optical density and pupil entry. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10, 221-230.
Dobelle, W.H., Marks, W.B. & MacNichol, E.F. (1969). Visual pigment densities in single primate foveal cones. Science 166, 1508-1510.
Elsner, A. E., Burns, S.A. & Webb, R.H. (1993). Mapping cone photopigment optical density. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 10, 52-58. Enoch, J.M. & Stiles, W.W. (1961). The colour change of monochromatic light with retinal angle of incidence. Optica Acta 8, 329-358.
Hecht, S., Shlaer, S. & Pirenne, M. (1942). Energy, quanta and vision. Journal of General Physiology 25, 819-840.
King-Smith, P.E. (1973a). The optical density of erythrolabe determined by retinal densitometry using the self-screening method. Journal of Physiology, London, 230, 535-549.
King-Smith, P.E. (1973b). The optical density of erythrolabe determined by a new method. Journal of Physiology, London, 230, 551-560.
von der Kraats, J. (1995). unpublished. Miller, S.S. (1972). Psychophysical estimates of visual pigment densities in red-green dichromats. Journal of Physiology, London, 223, 89-107.
Pokorny, J. & Smith, V.C. (1976). Effect of field size on red-green colour mixture equations. Journal of the Optical Society of America 66, 705-708.
Ripps, H. & Weale, R.A. (1965). Analysis of foveal densitometry. Nature 205, 52-56.
Rushton, W.A.H. (1963). The density of chlorolabe in the foveal cones of the protanope. Journal of Physiology, London, 168, 360-373.
Smith, V.C. & Porkorny, J. (1973). Psychophysical estimates of optical density in human cones. Vision Research 13, 1199-1202.
Terstiege, H. (1967). Untersuchungen zum Persistenz- und Koeffizientesatz. Farbe 16, 1-120.
Walraven, P.L. & Bouman, M.A. (1960). Relation between diretional sensitivity and spectral response curves in human cone vision. Journal of the Optical Society of America 50, 780-784.
Wyszecki, G. & Stiles, W.S. (1980). High-level trichromatic color matching and the pigment-bleaching hypothesis. Vision Research 20, 23-37.
Zwas, F. & Alpern, M. (1976). The density of human rhodopsin in the rods. Vision Research 16, 121-127.
